ABSTRACT
• MOD16 products indicated significant underestimations in all paddy rice ET observations. • R n estimation in overcast conditions and LAI reconstruction were two key causes. • Daily R n estimations under all-sky conditions by a global cloudy index algorithm were improved by 40.6%. • Daily LAI dynamics estimated by the LTDG_PhenoS algorithm were improved by 818.7%. • Daily ET estimations were improved by 68.7%. Reliable estimations in evapotranspiration (ET) of paddy rice ecosystems by satellite products are critical because of their important roles in regional hydrological processes and climate change. However, the NASA MODIS ET products (MOD16A2) and its derivatives do not have good correlations with all global paddy rice ET observations. In this research, MOD16 model sensitivity analyses and parameter optimization strategies were conducted in order to solve the problem. Results suggested that underestimation of daily net radiation (R n) in overcast conditions and less satisfactory reconstruction of field-scale leaf area index (LAI) growth trajectory from the start date of field flooding and transplanting (FFTD) to the end of growing seasons by MODIS coarse vegetation index were identified as two major causes. A Light and Temperature-Driven Growth model and a Phenology-based LAI temporal Smoothing method fusion algorithm (LTDG_PhenoS) and an improved R n estimation method were introducted and evaluated in paddy rice fields in South Korea, Japan, China, Philippines, India, Spain, Italy, and the USA from 2002 to 2019. The LTDG_PhenoS algorithm considers Landsat and MODIS EVI observations and meteorological data as input variables and 30-m LAI daily time series as outcomes. Introducing the global cloudy index algorithm resulted in improved estimations of daily R n under all-sky conditions, with a significant decrease of root mean square error (RMSE) from 1.87 to 1.11 MJ m−2 day−1. The LTDG_PhenoS algorithm well reconstructed crop LAI growth dynamics from the FFTD to the end of rice growing seasons, with a substantial decline of RMSE from 1.49 to 0.27 m2/m−2. The FFTD estimations by the LTDG_PhenoS algorithm had an R2 of 0.97 and a small RMSE of less than 12-days. Daily ET rates estimated by novel algorithms had a substantial decline in RMSE from 2.88 to 0.90 mm day−1. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Hydrology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)